i 


THE 

HISTORY 
OF  A 
TRADE-MARK 


RAND     M'NAILY  &  CO., 
ENGRAVERS  AND  PRINTERS, 
CHICAGO 


EDWARD  W.  NOLAN 

THE  HISTORY  OF 
A     TRADE-MARK 


BY 

OLIN  D.JVHEELER 

i  go  i 


Copyrighted^  igoi,  by 

CHAS.  S.  FEE 

General  Passenger  and  Ticket  Agent 

Northern  Pacific  Railway 

Si.  Paul 


This  book  will  be  for- 
warded to  any  address 
upon  receipt  of  four 
cents  in  postage  sta?nps 


^s  f 


% 


z- 


i    V/TANY  have  wondered  whether 
I  the   peculiar  design  used  as 

a   trade-mark    by   the    Northern 
Pacific    Railway    Company    was 
adopted  by  them  in  a  haphazard 
manner,  or  whether  a  real  signifi- 
cance attaches  to  it ;  whether  it  is 
f|  simply  an  ingenious  geometric  device, 
or  whether  in  its  origin,  meaning,  and 
adoption  there  is  hidden  a  story. 
It  is  not  a  creature  of  accident  —  in 
the  sense  referred  to  —  and  there  is  a  tale 
and  history  back  x>f  it. 
It  is  not  hard  to  relate  its  origin ;  it  is  easy  to  tell 
the  story  of  its  adoption ;  but  when  it  comes  to  con- 
veying to  the  general  reader  a  clear  idea  of  its  original 
and  ancient  meaning,  a  somewhat  difficult  task  con- 
fronts the  relator,  for  reasons  which  will  appear.    The 
original  symbol,  of  which  the  trade-mark  is  an  adapta- 
tion, is  Chinese  in  invention.    The  diagram  itself  was 
evolved  in  the  eleventh  century  A.  D.,  but  the  ideas 
which  it  represents  date  back  to  more  than  3,000  years 
before  the  Christ  child  was  cradled  in  the  manger  at 
Bethlehem.  It  is  really,  therefore,  more  than  5,200  years 
old,  and  may,  indeed,  be  much  older.    It  is  known  as 
the  Great  Chinese  Monad,  or  more  commonly,  perhaps, 
as  the  Diagram  of  the  Great  Extreme. 

ITS   ADOPTION. 

The  design  was  discovered  and  adapted  to  its  pres- 
ent use  in  1893.  Mr.  E.  H.  McHenry  and  Mr.  Chas.  S. 
Fee,  then,  as  now,  the  Chief  Engineer  and   General 

(5) 


6  WONDERLAND    IQOI. 

Passenger  and  Ticket  Agent  of  the  Company,  respect- 
ively, are  principally  to  be  credited  with  its  discovery 
and  adoption. 

The  Northern  Pacific  was  in  search  of  a  trade-mark. 
Many  designs  had  been  considered  and  rejected.  Mr. 
McHenry,  while  visiting  the  Korean  exhibit  at  the 
World's  Fair,  was  struck  with  a  geometric  design  that 
appeared  on   the    Korean    flag.    It   was   simple,  yet 


effective — plain,  yet  striking.  At  once  the  idea 
came  to  him  that  it  was  just  the  symbol  for  the 
long-sought-for  trade-mark.  With  but  'slight 
modification  it  lent  itself  readily  to  the  purpose. 
After  Mr.  McHenry  returned  to  St.  Paul,  Mr.  Fee 
sent  to  him  several  designs  bearing  on  the  trade- 
mark idea,  for  elaboration  in  his  drafting-room. 
Mr.  McHenry  added  to  them  the  Korean  figure. 
Mr.  Fee  was  at  once  impressed  with  this,  added 
the  words,  "Yellowstone  Park  Line,"  and  sent 
the  trade-mark  forth  into  the  world  emblazoned 
upon  the  company's  folders.  The  symbol  im- 
pressed every  one  favorably,  and  has,  from  the 
first,  attracted  universal  attention. 
Upon  the  organization  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Rail- 
way— the  old  company  having  previously  been  under 
a  receivership  —  the  design  was  formally  adopted  as  a 
trade-mark.  Mr.  Edward  D.  Adams,  chairman  of  the 
Board  of  Directors,  adopted  it  for  the  corporate  seal  of 


NORTHERN    PACIFIC    RAILWAY.  7 

the  new  company,  and  had  it  engraved  upon  the  com- 
pany's securities. 

Mr.  McHenry  naturally  supposed,  from  the  circum- 
stances under  which  he  discovered  the  figure,  that  it 
bore  an  Oriental  significance,  and  began  a  quiet 
search  to  ascertain  what  it  was.  As  it  happens,  one 
may  examine  a  good  many  volumes  of  Oriental  lore 
and  discover  no  reference  whatever  to  this  symbol, 
or  to  anything  like  it,  and  these  researches  were 
rewarded,  temporarily,  with  little  success.  In  the 
meantime  the  design  had  been  imprinted  upon  the 
documents,  stationery,  and  advertising  of  the  com- 
pany ;  and  from  the  windows  of  its  ticket  offices 
in  all  the  large  cities  between  the  Atlantic  and  the 
Pacific  the  unique  device  attracted  the  attention  of 
the  passer-by. 

ITS  HISTORY  AND  MEANING. 

It  may  be  that  the  fact  that  the  trade-mark  was  first 
seen  on  the  Korean  flag  diverted  investigation,  at  the 
start,  into  rather  unproductive  channels.  The  symbol 
is  not  original,  apparently,  with  the  Koreans,  but  was 
appropriated  by  them  from  the  Chinese. 

The  first  authentic  and  definite  information,  in  de- 
tail, relative  to  the  Monad 
came  from  Rev.  W.  S.  s' 
Holt,D.  D.,of  Port-  /' 
land,  Ore.  Mr.  / 
Holt  had  been,  / 
for  twelve  f 
years,  a  Pres-  / 
byterian  mis-  ' 
sionary  in  | 
China,  and  was  l 
familiar  with  \ 
the  symbol  and  \ 
its  meaning  there.  \ 
As  he  was  walking  \ 
along  the  street  he  s 
noticed  the  trade-mark 
painted  upon  the  windows  of  the  office  of  the  com- 
pany.   It  struck  him  as   peculiar,  and   entering  the 


Sample  of  Bead  Work  of  American  Plains 

Indians,  exhibiting  crude  resemblance 

to  Monad  and  Tah  Gook. 


WONDERLAND    igoi." 

office  he  made 
some  inquir- 
ies, and  then, 
in  conversa- 
tion with  Mr. 
A.  D.  Charl- 
ton, Assistant 
General  Pas- 
senger Agent, 
informed  him 
of  the  general 
character  and 
meaning  of 
the  design. 
Through  Mr. 
Holt's  efforts  much  additional  information  of  value  was 
secured,  and  now  that  a  start  was  made  in  the  right 
direction,  investigation  was  also  successfully  pushed 
through  other  channels. 

At  first  sight  the  figure  appears  to  be  rather  an  in- 
volved one.  An  analysis  of  it  soon  corrects  this  im- 
pression. It  is  really  quite  simple.  On  the  vertical 
diameter  of  a  circle,  inscribe  on  opposite  sides  of  this 
diameter  and  one  above  and  one  below  the  center 
thereof,  semi-circles  having  diameters  of  one-half  the 
larger  diameter,  or  the  radius  of  the  large  circle,  and 
the  symbol  is  outlined. 

As  previously  stated,  the  symbol  itself  may  be  said 
to  be  an  ideographic  or  pictographic  representation  of 
ideas  or  principles  enunciated  many  centuries  before. 
In  A.  D.  1017  a  young  Chinaman,  Chow  Lien  Ki, 
was  born.  As  a  young  man  he  delighted  in  nature, 
and  roamed  the  hills  and  dales,  and  to  this  we  owe  the 
existence  of  the  trade-mark,  and  Chow  Lien  Ki  the 
fame  to  which  he  attained. 

One  day  in  his  rambling  he  found  a  cave.  The  cave 
ran  through  a  hill  and  had  an  entrance  on  each  side  of 
it.  Both  entrances  were  double  crescent  shaped,  but 
the  cave  itself  was  round  as  a  moon  inside.  Out  of 
these  crescentic  entrances  and  the  moon-shaped  cave 
he  evolved  the  diagram  that  has  become  noted  among 
the  Chinese.     This  diagram,  the  Great  Monad,  he  used 


NORTHERN   PACIFIC   RAILWAY. 


9 


to  illustrate  a  system  of  philosophy  established  by  Fuh 
Hi  more  than  3,000  years  B.  C,  and,  of  course,  4,000 
years  before  Chow  found  his  wonderful  cave. 

From  the  mysteries  of  an  ancient  Chinese  philoso- 
phy it  has  now  been  dragged  forth  to  illustrate  the 
modern  American  system  of  transportation.  It  has, 
so  to  speak,  leaped  across  a  gulf  of  nine  centuries,  be- 
come a  modern  invention,  as  it  were,  and  now  does 
duty  as  the  trade-mark  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Rail- 
way Company. 

But  what  was  the  strange  philosophy  that  such  a 
symbol  was  designed  to  illustrate,  and  how  did  it 
illustrate  it  ? 

This  involves  a  plunge  into  the  sea  of  metaphysics, 
from  which  let  us  hope  to  emerge  "  clothed  and  in  our 
right  minds." 

We  can  hardly  explain  the  ratiocinations  of  this 
young  Chinaman's  mind  by  which  he  came  to  believe 
that  the  figure  really  did  represent  what  he  intended 
it  should,  but  we  can  at  least  try  to  state  the  case  as 
lucidly  as  it  will  allow,  and  let  the  reader  draw  his 
own  conclusion.  It  will  be  noticed  that,  however 
much  the  Chinese  may  deserve  to  be  called  heathen, 
they  could,  even  in  Fuh  Hi's  time,  hold  their  own  in 
abstruse  speculation.  Rev.  Dr.  W.  A.  P.  Martin,  evi- 
dently a  close  student  and  1 
authority  on  things  Chinese, 
observes  in  his  "The  Chi- 
nese "  (p.  277)  that  the 
Jesuits  long  ago  pointed 
out  that  the  only  way  in 
which  Europeans  could 
claim  preeminence  over 
the  Chinese  was  in  their 
mathematical  knowl- 
edge and  "  the  verities  of 
the  Christian  faith." 

Fuh    Hi's    philosophy    is 
stated  as  follows  :    "  The  Illimi-  "^^  ^F" 'Design 

table  produced  the  Great  Extreme  ;  found  on 

the  Great  Extreme    produced    the       ,ndFa7p°tter7° 
Two  Principles;  the  Two  Principles      resembling  Tah  Gook. 


10  WONDERLAND    IQOI. 

^^(tfjj       1^^.  produced   the   Four   Figures," 

^^K^TSf^^^^^^     and  from  the  Four  Figures 

j^^m&?'': ''     _mW^^L_l^K_    were  developed  what  the 

JKt^'         ,$^^    'J"'****||^^     Chinese  call  the  Eight 

ft      •V      *^       -^jfefes*  *^^^      Diagrams  of  Fuh  Hi, 

P  I'       -j        >J&*^     ^^s,    ^^^k    *n  3322  **•  ^-'  accord- 

,.<?'       «        i|£  '-,  ?lk      ^B      inS  to   the   chronol- 

V       ,  0  4  4^i     H|      ogy  of  Doctor  Legge, 

*  1   fflL.-   •     BfBL     the  be st -known  Eng- 

'','..  \  v     V     ^'f|     H     lish  sinologue. 

&*F    '        JR|     jsf;    V         The  Two    Princi- 

s^^.  j&'    $     &W    M.        pies,  which  the  Chi- 

Rte^^tffll    '■$      '/'h      ^m      nese   saY  were   pro- 

jf^Ol  ^.-i,~'*'  I  JRjj^H      duced  by  the  Great 

B^jPH ''"•'•''■''  ./         ■./ Cf       Extreme,  are  repre- 

H        ^l^k.  ,'^''         -^f''^       sented  thus : 

^M\  •■--:$*^Bf         From  these  Two  Prin- 

^IB:^,  .-  :w,  .M^iiljiiJF      ciples  the  Four  Figures 

^^P^^^^^i^^^      were  produced  by  placing 

VrfcMfoii  CarueT/TyiaA-lVoot/,    the  Two  Principles  first  over 

/rom  Scotland,  showing  the    one  and  then  over  the 

resemblance  to  Tah  Gook.  other   thus  • 


By  placing  each  of  the  Four  Figures  under  each  of 
the  Two  Principles  in  succession,  the  Eight  Diagrams 
were  formed,  thus  : 


To  the  ordinary  person  this  will  seem  perfectly 
meaningless,  or  more,  arrant  nonsense.  To  the 
Chinaman  it  has  great  significance.  To  us  the  Two 
Principles,  Four  Figures,  and  the  Eight  Diagrams  are 
more  likely  to  appear  to  be  an  ingenious  combination 
or  arrangement  of  the  letters  L  and  M  of  the  Morse 
telegraphic  code,  had  that  been  known  to  Fuh  Hi, 


NORTHERN   PACIFIC   RAILWAY.  11 

In  formulating  a  statement  regarding  this  remark- 
able philosophy,  Mr.  Holt  quotes  from  Choo  Foo  Tsz  — 
a  noted  interpreter  of,  and  commentator  upon,  the 
Confucian  classics  in  the  twelfth  century  A.  D. —  as 
follows : 

uThe  Great  Extreme  is  merely  the  immaterial 
principle  ;  it  is  found  in  the  male  and  female  principles 
in  Nature,  in  the  five  elements,  and  in  all  things.  From 
the  time  the  Great  Extreme  came  into  operation,  all 
things  were  produced  by  transformation.  The  Great 
Extreme  has  neither  residence,  form,  nor  place  which 
you  can  assign  to  it.  If  you  speak  of  it  before  its 
development,  then,  previous  to  that  emanation  it  was 
perfect  stillness.  Motion  and  rest,  with  the  male  and 
female  principles  of  Nature  (Force  and  Matter)  are 
only  the  descent  and  embodiment  of  this  principle. 
It  is  the  immaterial  principle  of  the  two  Powers,  the 
four  Forms,  and  the  eight  Changes  of  Nature.  We 
can  not  say  that  it  does  not  exist,  and  yet  no  form  of 
corporeity  can  be  ascribed  to  it.  It  produced  one 
male  and  one  female  principle  of  Nature,  which  are 
called  the  Dual  Powers." 

It  would  appear  that  the  two  central  and  peculiar 
figures  of  the  trade-mark  were  meant  by  Chow  Lien 
Ki  as  substitutes  for,  or  a  more  graphic  representation 
of,  the  Two  Principles  themselves. 
I  have  seen  no  clear  statement  on 
this  point,  but  infer  that  his 
inventive  mind  saw  a  more 
forceful  way  of  picturing  the 
ideas  to  be  represented  by 
them  than  the  bare  lines 
themselves  did. 

These  Two  Principles  in  1 
Chow's  figure  —  the  white  and' 
black  or  red  and  black  commas 
or  tadpoles,  as  you  wish,  of  the 
trade  -  mark  —  are  known  as  the  Adaptation  of  the  Tah 
Yang  and  Yin,  and  in  the  original  Gook>  f°und  in  Anam- 
they  have  a  small  black  eye  in  the  white  or  red,  and 
a  white  eye  in  the  black  portion.  These  eyes  are  in- 
tended to  show,  according  to  Rev.  Doctor  Du  Bose, 


WONDERLAND    igoi. 

w      that  there  is  a  male  germ  in 
I    X     the  female  and  a  female 
germ  in  the  male  prin- 
ciple. 

Although  the    Two 
Principles,  or  the  Dual 
Powers   as    they    are 
also    called,  are   now 
almost  universally  un- 
derstood in  China  in  a 
phallic  or  sexual  sense, 
Doctor     Martin     insists 
that  the  primitive  meanings 
were  :    Yang,  Light,  and  Yin, 
found  in  a  Mound  Darkness,  and  that  philosophically 

of  the  Mound  Builders     they    stood    for    certain   positive    and 
in  Tennessee,  negative    forces.      As,    however,  they 

resembling  Tan  Gook.  ,     -  .,  ,  .  .... 

stand    for   the    creative    principle    in 

every  sense  of  the  word,  the  phallic  signification 
attached  to  them  would  seem  to  be  a  corollary  of  the 
meanings  light  and  darkness. 

In  stating  that  the  Yang  and  Yin  stand  for  light  and 
darkness  and  the  sexual  or  creative  idea,  practically 
about  all  that  there  is  to  say  as  to  the  original  notion 
and  its  pictorial  expression  has  been  said.  The  expan- 
sion or  elaboration  of  the  idea,  however,  is  quite 
another  matter,  and  the  changes  have  been  rung 
upon  it  in  every  conceivable  form. 

Dr.  S.  Wells  Williams,  Pro- 
fessor of  the    Chinese    Lan- 
guage   and    Literature    at 
Yale  College,  in  remarking 
upon    Chu  Hi's   (not  Fuh 
Hi)  philosophical  notions, 
well    says,    regarding    the 
universal  application  of  the 
Dual  Powers,  or  Yang  and 
Yin  :     "  His  system  of  mate- 
rialism   *   *   *    allows  scope  for 
the  vagaries  of  every  individual 
who  thinks  he  understands  and    Prehistoric 
Can  apply  it  to  explain   whatever    American  Indian  Emblem, 

showing  resemblance 
to  Chinese  Monad. 


NORTHERN   PACIFIC   RAILWAY.  13 


The 

Cycle 
of  Cathay. 

The  Chinese  cycle  consists  of  sixty  years,  each  with  a  separate  name.  Their  names 
are  here  ranged  in  the  outer  circle,  and  read  from  the  top  towards  the  left  hand.  The 
present  year  (1896)  is  the  thirty-second  of  the  seventy-sixth  cycle  from  the  beginning 
of  the  cyclic  era.  The  figures  in  the  inner  space  are  the  dual  forces,  Yin  and  Tang,  sym- 
bolized by  darkness  and  light,  which  form  the  starting  point  of  Chinese  philosophy. 

phenomena  come  in  his  way.  Heat  and  cold,  light  and 
darkness,  fire  and  water,  mind  and  matter,  every 
agent,  power,  and  substance  known  or  supposed,  are 
regarded  as  endued  with  these  principles,  which  thus 
form  a  simple  solution  for  every  question.  The  infin- 
ite changes  in  the  universe,  the  multiform  actions  and 
reactions  in  Nature,  and  all  the  varied  consequences 
seen  and  unseen  are  alike  easily  explained  by  this 
form  of  cause  and  effect,  this  ingenious  theory  of 
evolution." 


Note.— The  above  illustration  and  explanation  are 
taken  from  "The  Chinese,"  by  Rev.   Dr.   W.   A.   P. 

Martin. 


14 


WONDERLAND    igOI. 


This  expresses  it  in  a  nut 
shell.  It  were  easy  to  quote 
page  after  page  of  varied  ren- 
derings of  the  idea  to  fit  pretty- 
nearly  everything  under  the 
sun.  A  few  of  these  are  here 
reproduced.  Those  who  are 
given  to  such  speculations  will 
read  them  with  interest;  others, 
while  looking  upon  them  as 
vagaries  and  curiosities,  will 
see  how  pervasive  among  the 
Chinese  are  the  ideas  symbol- 
ized by  this  peculiar  trade- 
mark. 

To  quote  again  from  Doctor 
Williams :  "  Heaven  was  form- 
less, and  utter  chaos;  the  whole 
mass  was  nothing  but  confu- 
sion. Order  was  first  produced 
in  the  pure  ether,  and  out  of  it 

the  universe  came  forth ;  the  universe  produced  air, 

and  air  the  milky  way. 

''When  the  pure  male  principle  Yang   had  been 

diluted,  it  formed  the  heavens ; 

the  heavy  and  thick  parts  co- 
agulated, and  formed  the  earth. 

The   refined   particles    united 

very  soon,  but  the  union  of  the 

thick  and  heavy  went  on  slow- 
ly; therefore  the  heavens  came 

into    existence    first,    and    the 

earth    afterward.      From    the 

subtle  essence  of  heaven  and 

earth,  the  dual  principles  Yin 

and  Yang  were  formed ;  from 

their  joint  operation  came  the 

four  seasons;  and  these  putting 

forth  their  energies  gave  birth 

to    all    the    products    of    the 

earth.     The  warm  effluence  of 

the    Yang    being    condensed, 


NORTHERN    PACIFIC    RAILWAY.  15 

produced  fire  ;  and  the  finest  parts  of  fire  formed  the 
sun.  The  cold  exhalations  of  the  Yin  being  likewise 
condensed,  produced  water  ;  and  the  finest  parts  of  the 
watery  substance  formed  the  moon." 

It  is  not  difficult  to  detect,  in  the  foregoing,  a  strik- 
ing similarity  to  the  "nebular  hypothesis"  of  the 
present-day  astronomy.  A  glance  at  a  statement  of 
this  theory  will  disclose  the  resemblance  at  once. 

Sir  John  F.  Davis,  in  his  "  History  of  China,"  quotes 
from  the  commentator  Choo  Foo  Tsz,  already  men- 
tioned, as  follows : 

"'The  celestial  principle 
was  male,  the  terrestrial  fe- 
male ;  all  animate  and  inani- 
mate nature  may  be  distin- 
guished into  masculine  and 
feminine.  Even  vegetable  pro- 
ductions are  male  and  female, 
as,  for  instance,  there  is  female 
hemp,  and  male  and  female 
bamboo.  Nothing  exists  inde- 
pendent of  the  Yin  and 
Yang.'  Although  the  Chinese 
do  not  characterize  the  sexes 
of  plants,  and  arrange  them 
systematically  as  we  do 
after  Linnaeus,  they  use  the 
above  phraseology  in  regard 
to  them ;  nor  do  they  confine 
it  to  the  vegetable  and  animal 
creation  only,  but  extend  the 
same  to  every  part  of  Nature. 
Numbers  themselves  have  their  genders.  A  unit 
and  every  odd  number  are  male ;  two  and  every 
even  number,  female. 

"The  above  might,  with  no  great  impropriety,  be 
styled  'asexual  system  of  the  universe.'  They  main- 
tain that  when  from  the  union  of  the  Yang  and  Yin  all 
existences,  both  animate  and  inanimate,  had  been  pro- 
duced, the  sexual  principle  was  conveyed  to,  and 
became  inherent  in,  all  of  them.  Thus  heaven,  the 
sun,  day,  etc.,  are  considered  of  the  male  gender;  earth, 


16  WONDERLAND    igoi. 

the  moon,  night,  etc.,  of  the  female  gender.  This  notion 
pervades  every  department  of  knowledge  in  China.  It 
exists  in  their  theories  of  anatomy  and  medicine,  and 
is  constantly  referred  to  on  every  subject." 

Doctor  Martin  says  (p.  126,  "The  Chinese"):  u  Woo 
Kieh  produced  Tai  Kieh,  Tai  Kieh  produced  Yin  and 
Yang,  and  these  dual  principles  generated  all  things. 
This  is  the  lucid  cosmogony  of  the  Chinese,  and  it  adds 
little  to  its  clearness  to  render  the  above  terms,  as  they 
are  usually  translated,  by  the  'great  extreme,'  the 
'male  and  female  powers,'  etc."  Again,  he  says  (pp. 
162-3):  "The  common  statement  given  in  Chinese  his- 
tories may  be  freely  rendered  in  the  following  form  : 
4  The  indefinite  (1— Woo  Kieh)  produced  the  finite  or 
definite  (2 — Tai  Kieh),  the  elements  of  Nature  as  yet  in 
a  chaotic  state.  This  chaos  evolved  the  principle  of 
Yang,  or  light.  The  Yang  produced  Yin,  i.  e.,  dark- 
ness followed  in  the  way  of  alternation  ;  and  the  Yin 
and  Yang  (3)  together  produced  all  things  from  the 
alternations  of  day  and  night,  and  the  succession  of  the 
seasons.'  " 

Commenting  on  this,  he  says:  "Commencing  with 
this  simple  idea,  the  Yin  and  Yangh&ve  been  gradually 
metamorphosed  into  mysterious  entities,  the  founda- 
tion of  a  universal  sexual  system,  and  incessantly 
active  in  every  department  of  Nature  —  at  once  the 
fountain  of  the  deepest  philosophy  and  the  aliment  of 
the  grossest  superstition." 

Without  dipping  deeper  into  this  recondite  discus- 
sion, an  idea  has  been  given,  I  hope,  of  the  significance 
of  the  Great  Monad,  or  the  Trade-mark,  to  the  400,000,000 
of  Chinese. 

Metaphysicians  have  noted  a  parallelism  between 
the  Yang  and  Yin  and  the  mundane  egg  of  the  Egyp- 
tians; have  seen  coincidences  between  it  and  its  philo- 
sophical elaboration  and  the  philosophies  of  still  other 
nations,  Persia,  India,  etc.,  and  even  between  it  and 
the  Christian  Scriptures. 

The  symbol  is  very  generally  used  by  the  Chinese 
in  the  ordinary  affairs  of  life.  It  is  suspended  over  the 
doors  of  residences  as  a  charm  ;  it  is  used  to  ward  off 
evil  influences  ;  it  is  much  used  by  fortune-tellers  and 


NORTHERN   PACIFIC   RAILWAY. 


17 


necromancers.  The  Japanese  form  of  the  Monad  is 
also  used  as  a  symbol  of  good  luck. 

A  common  form  in  which  it  is  found  is  shown  in  the 
illustration  on  the  following  page,  where  will  be  seen 
the  Tat  Kieh,  or  Yang  and  Yin,  with  the  eyes  sur- 
rounded by  the  Eight  Diagrams. 

The  symbol  was  obtained  from  a  Chinese  store  in 
Portland,  is  circular,  and  ys^  measures  five  and  one- 
eighth  inches  in  diameter,  f     |  the  Yin  and  Yang  in  the 


The 

Great 

Chinese 

Monad,  Used 

a  Charm  by 

the  Chinese. 

center  measuring  two  and  one-eighth  inches  across. 
The  design  is  most  commonly  seen,  though,  on  a  board 
six  to  eighteen  or  twenty  inches  square,  or  one  foot  wide 
by  two  feet  long,  having  the  Eight  Diagrams  painted 
around  it,  as  in  the  illustration  of  the  circular  Monad, 
so  as  to  leave  the  Great  Extreme  in  the  center,  which 
is  used  as  a  charm  to  ward  off  evil  spirits.  In  this 
country  these  charms  can  be  found  in  great  numbers 


18  WONDERLAND    I90I. 

in  some  of  the  mercantile 
houses  on  Second  Street, 
Portland,    and    in 
similar  establish- 
ments   in     S  an 
Francisco.      The 
small    ones    can 
be      carried 
around,  while 
the  larger  ones 
are  placed  over 
doors    and   at 
other  conspicuous 
places  as  a  guard 
against  evil  spirits. 
Yin  and  Yang  in 
the    figure    here    shown 
are  black  and  red;  the  field 
surrounding    them   is  green, 
and  the  Eight  Diagrams  are  raised  char- 
acters gilded. 

As  the  Chinese  use  the  figure,  the  colors  of  Yang  and 
Yin  are  not  important.  While  red  and  black  are  com- 
mon, so  also  are  white  and  black  — used  also  by  the 
Northern  Pacific  in  one-color  work  —  and  red  and 
green. 

THE  KOREAN  TAH-GOOK. 

Although  the  trade-mark  is  of  Chinese  origin,  it  was, 
as  stated,  first  seen  by  a  Northern  Pacific  official  on  the 
Korean  flag.  There  seems  to  have  been  perfect  free 
trade  between  the  Orientalists,  at  least  so  far  as  philo- 
sophic ideas  and  symbols  go.  The  emblem  is  found 
not  only  among  the  Koreans,  but  also  in  Japan.  In 
Korea  it  is  known  as  the  Tah-gook  —  the  Korean  pro- 
nunciation of  Tai  Kieh  —  and  its  meaning  is  practically 
identical  with  that  in  China.  It  is  the  national  emblem 
of  Korea. 

The  word  Korea,  Mr.  Holt  says,  is  derived  from 
Kao,  the  first  king,  "Kaoli"  being  the  form  in  which 
it  appears  among  the  Koreans.  The  Koreans,  in 
speaking  of  their  country,  also  use  two  Chinese  words, 
"Chao  Sien,"  pronounced  by  the  Koreans,  "Chosen," 


NORTHERN   PACIFIC    RAILWAY. 


19 


and  meaning  "before  the  dawn,"  or  "morning  calm." 
The  name  Korea,  rather  freely  translated,  means, 
therefore,  "the  land  of  the  morning  calm,"  from  all  of 
which  is  evolved  our  word  Korea.  The  two  principles 
of  Nature  —  the  Yang  and  Yin  of  the  Chinese  —  are 
represented  by  red  and  blue  in  the  Tah-gook.  Red  is 
the  royal  color  ;  blue  is  the  color  of  the  east,  the  morn- 
ing. The  Tah-gook,  therefore,  to  Koreans,  means 
"The  Kingdom  of  the  Morning." 

The  Koreans  arrange  the  Yang  and  Yin  horizon- 
tally or  angularly  instead  of  vertically.  The  Japanese 
use  three  heads  instead  of  two,  and  the  colors  are  red, 
blue,  and  green.  The  Japanese,  the  common  people 
at  least,  regard  the  symbol  with  superstitious  awe, 
and  it  is  made  in  silver  discs  the  size  of  a  half-dollar 
and  carried  in  the  sleeve  of  the  "  kimono  "  as  a  charm. 
Mr.  Forster  H.  Jenings,  late  of  the  Korean  legation 
at  Washington,  says  of  the  Tah-gook,  after  a  careful 
investigation  of  Korean  classical 
works:  "It  is  found  on  graves 
dating  back  thousands  of  years 
B.  C,  and  in  every  kind  of  cli- 
mate, from  the  rattan  groves 
I  of  Anam  to  the  icy  shores  of 
'  Yezo  in  the  north  of  Japan. 
In  the  various  countries  the 
shape  of  the  symbol  has  under- 
gone but  little  change."  Mr. 
Holt  mentions  having  seen  the 
Eight  Diagrams  that  usually  accom- 
Monad.  pany  the  Chinese  emblem  engraved  on 

eight  large  and  very  ancient 
stones  within    the    city  limits   of 
Hang  Chow,  China. 

The  eyes  of  the  Yang  and 
Yin  in  the  Chinese  Monad  are 
wanting   in    the    symbols   as 
used  by  other  nations. 

In  Korea  the  use  and  mean- 
ings   of    the    Tak-gook    seem 
nearly  or  quite  as  diffused  and 
various  as  those  of  the  Tai  Kieh 

Modification  of  Chinese 
Monad,  as  used 
in  Japan. 


20  WONDERLAND    I90I. 

in  China.  On  the  Korean  national  flag  the  red  and 
blue  (Yang  and  Yin)  are  found  upon  a  white  field. 

Accompanying  this  paper  are  certain  illustrations 
drawn  in  colors,  and  kindly  furnished  by  Mr.  Jenings. 
Some  of  these  are  of  the  Monad  and  Tah-gook  and  its 
modifications  in  the  east ;  others  are  of  ancient  draw- 
ings of  other  countries  resembling  them,  more  or  less  ; 
while  still  others  show  a  similarity  in  design  to  the 
eastern  figures,  in  the  work  of  our  own  American 
Indians. 

This  is  not  the  place  for  discussing  these  drawings, 
and  the  question  as  to  whether  the  recurrence  of  the 
scroll  or  spiral  is  anything  more  than  a  very  natural 
and  varied  use  of  a  simple,  easy,  and  ornamental 
geometric  element  is  one  for  ethnologists  and  arch- 
aeologists. As  used  here  the  designs  afford  a  curious 
and  interesting  comparison  for  the  general  reader. 
In  the  reports  of  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Ethnol- 
ogy many  instances  can  be  found  of  the  use  of  the 
spiral  in  ornamentation  by  the  Pueblo  Indians  of  the 
Southwest,  and  shell  ornaments  covered  with  them 
have  been  taken  from  mounds  made  by  the  Mound 
builders,  as  shown  in  one  of  the  illustrations. 

Enough  has  been  written  to  show  the  wide  influ- 
ence exercised  among  Oriental  peoples  by  the  Monad, 
Tai  Kieh,  Tah-gook,  or  Trade-mark,  however  one 
wishes  to  speak  of  it ;  how  it  permeates  all  life,  actu- 
ally and  practically  ;  how  beautifully  it  lends  itself  to 
the  mysteries  of  eastern  philosophical  speculation. 

But  note  how  appropriately  it  takes  its  place  as  the 
symbol  or  trade-mark  of  a  great  transportation  com- 
pany. Light  and  darkness,  force  and  matter,  motion 
and  rest,  fire  and  water,  all  are  contained  within  this 
mysterious  figure  —  and  all  are  so  closely  related  in 
the  calling  for  which  the  emblem  stands.  Day  and 
night  the  great  freight  and  palatial  passenger  trains 
of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railway,  through  the  agency 
of  fire  and  water,  are  now  in  rapid  motion  and  again 
at  rest  throughout  the  mid-continent  region  of  the 
great  republic  of  the  Occident. 

Where  could  a  more  appropriate  emblem  for  a 
great  transportation  company  be  found  than  in  thii 


. 


NORTHERN   PACIFIC   RAILWAY. 


21 


lesign?  "Motion  and  rest,"  "force  and  matter,"  of 
which  the  figure  conceives,  are  most  effectively  exem- 
plified and  manifested  in  the  pursuit  which  it  sym- 
bolizes. It  would  almost  seem  that  Chow  Lien  Ki, 
with  the  far-seeing  vision  of  the  Yang  and  Yin,  looked 
forward  to  that  time  in  the  nineteenth  century  when 
the  Northern  Pacific  Railway,  in  need  of  a  device 
emblematic  of  its  calling,  would  be  drawn  to  "The 


Fig.  1 


Fig.  2. 


Fig.  3. 


Diagram 
of  the  Great 
Extreme"    formulated    by 
himself    and   which  had 
been  awaiting  its  com- 
ing for  five  thousand 
years. 

It  would  thus  ap- 
pear that  one  of 
the  great  trans- 
continental railway 
companies  of  the 
United  States  has,  by 
the  adoption  of  its  unique 
trade-mark,  linked  closer  together  the  old 
Chinese,  Japanese,  and  Korean  civilizations  with  the 
newer  one  of  America  ;  that  the  steel  rails  of  the 
Northern  Pacific,  in  connection  with  the  steamships  of 
its  copartner  in  commerce,  the  Northern  Pacific  Steam- 
ship Company,  have  established  a  new  bond  between 
the  young  republic  and  the  old  empire,  the  Occident 
and  the  Orient. 

ris  still  another  and  an  interesting  phase  of 


22  WONDERLAND    igoi. 

the  subject.  Mr.  Sam  Loyd,  the  puzzle  genius  of  New 
York  City,  in  a  letter  to  Mr.  McHenry,  calls  attention 
to  the  facility  with  which  this  emblem  lends  itself  to 
the  working  out  of  geometric  problems  and  puzzles. 
I  call  attention  to  one  only,  but  that  is  peculiarly  sig- 
nificant, considering  the  use  made  of  the  Monad  by 
both  the  Chinese  and  Japanese. 

It  will  be  recalled  that  they  use  the  symbol  to  ward 
off  evil,  etc.,  or  in  other  words  to  bring  them  good 
luck.  If  the  Yang  and  Yin  are  cut  —  in  two  strokes 
each  — as  shown  in  figures  i  and  2,  and  the  pieces  re- 
arranged or  refitted,  as  shown  in  figures  3  and  4,  it 
will  be  seen  that  the  Chinese  emblem  of  good  luck 
becomes,  at  once,  the  Yankee  symbol  of  good  luck,  the 
horseshoe,  of  which  there  are,  of  course,  two  in  each 
Northern  Pacific  trade-mark. 

Mr.  Loyd  states  also,  that  he  knows  that  the  method 
in  vogue  of  covering  base-balls,  the  peculiarity  of 
which  has  doubtless  attracted  universal  attention,  was 
suggested  to  the  patentee  by  the  Yang  and  Yin  of  the 
Monad  or  trade-mark. 


NORTHERN   PACIFIC  RAILWAY. 


RATES  AND  ARRANGEMENTS 
FOR  THE  TOURIST  SEASON 

(Subject  to  change  without  notice.) 


ROUND  TRIP  SUMMER  EXCURSION  RATES 

Minnesota, 
North  Dakota 
and 

Manitoba 
Resorts. 


S3 

J?  1 

.  § 

H 


rS'C.2 

3  £  »- 


*Deerwood,  Minn 

Glen  wood  (Lake  Minnewaska) 

Minn 

Battle  Lake,  Minn 

Fergus  Falls,  Minn 

Perham,  Minn... 

Detroit  Lake,  Minn.  _ 

Pine  River,  Minn 

Backus,  Minn. 

Walker,  Minn 

Bemidji,  Minn 

Minnewaukan    (Devil's    Lake), 

N.  D. . 

Winnipeg,  Man. 


*$3-8o 


tf  5-25 
7-5Q 
7-5o 
7-75 
9-15 
7.85 
8.35 
8  65 
10.10 

18.65 
22.50 


7-5o 
7-5o 

7-75 

I  I5 
0.90 

6.90 

6  90 

6.90 

18.65 
22.50 


$  9.00 
9.00 
9-25 
10.65 
8.40 
8.40 
8.40 
8.40 

20  15 
22.50 


*  From  Duluth  and  West  Superior  only. 


No  stopovers  allowed. 
Tickets  are  limited  to  October  31st. 
(23) 


NORTHERN    PACIFIC   RAILWAY. 


SUMMER  EXCURSION  RATES 

To 

11  Duluth  Short  Line" 

Points. 


St.  Paul,  Minneapolis  or 
Stillwater  to 

A 

B 

Forest  Lake  and  return   

$     -75 
.90 
1. 10 
115 
1   15 
1  20 

+  1'35 
T  1.50 

1.60 

1.90 

$  1  00 

Wyoming  and  return 

Chisago  City  and  return _ 

1  45 
i-55 
1  55 

Russell  Beaeh  and  return. 

Lindstrom  and  return. ._ 

Centre  City  and  return 

Taylors  Falls  and  return 

1.80 

Taylors  Falls  and  return 

Rush  City  and  return 

2.15 
2-55 

Pine  City  and  return 

Column  UA"  tickets  on  sale  Saturdays  and  Sun- 
days; limit  Monday  following. 

Column  "  B  "  tickets  on  sale  daily;  limit  10  days. 
t  On  sale  daily,  going  and  returning  on  date  of  sale. 

From  St.  Paul,  Minneapolis  or  Stillwater  to  White 
Bear  Lake  points  and  Bald  Eagle  and  return : 
On  sale  week  days,  going  and  returning  on  date 

of  sale $  .35 

On  sale  Sundays,  going  and  returning  on  date 


of  sale. 


YELLOWSTONE  PARK 
RATES. 


$5   Tickets.— Livingston   to 
Mammoth    Hot  Springs  and 
return,  via  rail  and  stage. 
$47.50   TICKETS.— From    St.   Paul,    Minneapolis   or 

Duluth  to  Livingston  or  Mammoth  Hot  Springs  and 

return.     Good  going  thirty  days,  returning  ten  days  ; 

final    limit,    forty    days.     Stopovers    allowed    within 

limits  of  ticket. 

$49.50     Tickets.— ($44.50     from     Mammoth     Hot 

Springs)  —  Rail,  Livingston  to  Cinnabar  and  return; 

stage,  Cinnabar   to    Mammoth    Hot    Springs,  Norris, 

Lower,  and  Upper  Geyser  Basins,  Yellowstone  Lake, 


2G  WONDERLAND    I90I. 

Grand  Canon  and  Falls  of  the  Yellowstone  and  re- 
turn, and  five  and  one-half  days'  board  at  the  Park 
Association  hotels. 

Tourists  who  are  not  going  west  of  Livingston 
should  purchase  the  $47.50  tickets  to  Mammoth  Hot 
Springs  and  return,  as  the  round-trip  rates  to  Livings- 
ton and  Mammoth  Hot  Springs  are  the  same,  while 
the  rate  from  Livingston  through  the  Park  and  return 
is  $5  higher  than  the  rate  from  Mammoth  Hot  Springs. 

$105  TICKET.— From  St.  Paul,  Minneapolis,  Duluth 
or  the  Superiors  to  Cinnabar  ;  stage  Cinnabar  to  Mam- 
moth Hot  Springs,  Lower,  Fountain  and  Upper  Geyser 
Basins,  Yellowsto  e  Lake,  Grand  Canon,  Falls  of  the 
Yellowstone  and  Monida  ;  six  and  one-quarter  days' 
board  and  lodging  between  Cinnabar  and  Monida,  and 
rail  from  Monida  to  Missouri  River  terminals.  Limit 
thirty  days  going  to  Mammoth  Hot  Springs,  thirty 
days  returning,  final  limit  sixty  days  from  date  of  sale. 

$85  Ticket.— This  ticket  covers  rail  and  stage 
transportation  only  (no  meals  or  lodging  being  in- 
cluded therein)  for  the  same  tour  as  the  $105  ticket. 

For  $3  extra,  the  $44.50,  $49.50,  $85,  and  $105  Park 
tours  will  be  made  to  include  steamboat  ride  on  Yel- 
lowstone Lake,  from  the  Thumb  to  Lake  Hotel,  via 
Dot  Island. 

Tickets  on  sale  at  St.  Paul,  Minneapolis  or  Duluth, 
up  to  and  including  September  12th,  and  at  Livingston 
up  to  and  including  September  14th. 

The  trip  through  the  Park  must  be  completed  by 
September  19th. 

The  Northern  Pacific  Railway 
MONTANA,  EASTERN  has  on  sale,  at  greatly  reduced 
WASHINGTON,  rates,  round-trip   excursion 

AND    EASTERN  tickets  from  St.  Paul,  Minne- 

BRITISH  COLUMBIA  apolis  or  Duluth  to  Billings, 
POINTS  Springdale,    Livingston    and 

Bozeman,  Mont.;  Helena, 
Butte  and  Anaconda,  Mont,  (choice  of  routes  return- 
ing, via  Northern  Pacific  or  Great  Northern  Railway 
Lines;  Missoula,  Mont. ;  Spokane,  Wash,  (choice  of 
routes,  returning,  via  Oregon  Railway  &  Navigation 
Company  and  its  connections,  or  via  the  Great  Northern 


NORTHERN   PACIFIC   RAILWAY. 


27 


or  Northern  Pacific  Lines);  Medical  Lake,  Pasco, 
Kennewick  and  Toppenish,  Wash.  ;  Nelson,  Trail, 
Rossland,  Ainsworth,  Kaslo  and  Sandon,  B.  C,  and 
Coulee  City,  North  Yakima  and  Ellensburg,  Wash. 

These  tickets  are  of  iron-clad  signature  form; 
require  identification  of  purchaser  at  return  starting 
point. 


Any  of  the  above  tickets  may  read  to  return  via 
Billings  to  the  Missouri  River,  either  direct  or  via 
Denver  and  any  direct  line  except  the  Union  Pacific  Ry. 

$90  from  St.  Paul,  Minneapolis  or 
NORTH  Duluth  toTacoma,Portland,Seattle, 

PACIFIC  COAST  New  Whatcom,  Vancouver  or 
EXCURSIONS  Victoria  and  return. 

Tickets  limited  to  nine  months 
from  date  of  sale,  good,  going  trip,  sixty  days  to  any 
one  of  North  Pacific  Coast  termini  named,  returning 
any  time  within  final  limit.      These  tickets  may  be 


28  WONDERLAND    I90I. 

purchased  for  return  via  any  authorized  direct  lines, 
to  St.  Paul,  Minneapolis,  Duluth,  Winnipeg,  Port 
Arthur,  or  Missouri  River  terminals. 

An  excursion  ticket  will  be  sold  from 
ALASKA  Eastern  termini  named  to  Sitka,  Alaska, 

EXCURSIONS    at  $150,  which  rate  includes  meals  and 

berth  on  the  steamer.  Tickets  on  sale 
May  1st  to  September  30th.  Limit,  nine  months;  going 
to  Tacoma,  sixty  days,  returning  within  final  limit, 
holder  to  leave  Sitka  on  or  before  October  31st. 
Tickets  will  be  issued  to  return  either  via  the  Northern 
Pacific,  Soo-Pacific,  or  Great  Northern  lines  to  St. 
Paul  or  Minneapolis,  or  via  Canadian  Pacific  Railway 
to  Winnipeg  or  Port  Arthur,  or  via  Billings  to  the 
Missouri  River,  either  direct  or  via  Denver  and  any 
direct  line  except  the  Union  Pacific  Ry.  Usual  stop- 
over privileges  granted.  Steamer  accommodations  can 
be  secured  in  advance  by  application  to  any  of  the 
agents  named  on  appended  list.  Diagrams  of  steamers 
at  office  of  General  Passenger  Agent  at  St.  Paul. 
,  Steamers  call  at  Glacier  Bay  during  June,  July  and 
August  only. 
r/UIFORNIl  The   Northern  Pacific   Railway 

FXriIRSION  RATF^  wiU  Sel1  round"triP  excursion 
EXCURSION  RATES    tickets  from    gt    pau^  Minne_ 

apolis  or  Duluth  as  follows  : 

To  San  Francisco,  going  via  the  Northern  Pacific, 
Puget  Sound  and  steamer,  or  Portland  and  Shasta 
Route  or  the  ocean  to  San  Francisco ;  returning  via  • 
rail  or  steamer  to  Portland,  or  via  steamer  to  Puget 
Sound,  thence  authorized  direct  routes  to  St.  Paul, 
Minneapolis,  Winnipeg,  Port  Arthur,  or  Missouri 
River  terminals ;  or  returning  by  the  southern  lines  to 
Council  Bluffs,  Omaha,  Kansas  City,  Mineola  or  Hous- 
ton, at  $103.50;  to  New  Orleans'or  St.  Louis,  at  $109.50. 

To  Los  Angeles,  going  via  Portland  and  Shasta 
Route, .and  returning  via  rail,  Portland  and  authorized 
direct  routes  to  St.  Paul,  Minneapolis,  Winnipeg,  Port 
Arthur  or  Missouri  River,  $122.50  ;  or  going  via  Port- 
land and  Shasta  Route  and  returning  via  San  Fran- 
cisco and  Ogden  to  Council  Bluffs,  Omaha  or  Kansas 
City,  at  $113  ;  to  St.  Louis,  at  $119. 


NORTHERN    PACIFIC    RAILWAY.  29 


To  San  Diego,  $6.50  higher  than  Los  Angeles  via  the 
above  routes. 

Tickets  via  ocean  include  meals  and  berth  on 
steamer. 

At  the  eastern  termini  of  the  southern  transconti- 
nental lines  excursion  tickets  will  be  sold,  or  orders 
exchanged,  for  tickets  to  San  Francisco,  returning  via 
either  the  Shasta  Route,  the  all-rail  line  to  Portland, 
or  the  ocean  and  the  Northern   Pacific  to  St.  Paul, 


Minneapolis  or  Duluth,  at  a  rate  $13.50  higher  than 
the  current  excursion  rate  in  effect  between  Missouri 
River  points,  Mineola,  or  Houston  and  San  Francisco. 
The  steamship  coupon  includes  first-class  cabin  pas- 
sage and  meals  between  San  Francisco  and  Portland 
or  Puget  Sound. 

These  excursion  tickets  allow  nine  months'  time  for 
the  round  trip ;  sixty  days  for  west-bound  trip  up  to 
first  Pacific  Coast  common  point ;  return  any  time 
within  final  limit. 

Double  daily  transcontinental  passenger  train  serv- 
ice. The  '*  North  Coast  Limited  "  is  the  most  complete 
railway  train  in  the  country. 


GENERAL  AND  DISTRICT  PASSENGER 
AGENTS. 

BOSTON,  MASS.— 279  Washington  Street. 

C.  E.  FOSTER District  Passenger  Agent. 

BUFFALO,  N.  Y.— 215  Ellicott  Square. 

W.  G.  Mason .District  Passenger  Agent. 

BUTTE,  MONT.— Cor.  Park  and  Main  Streets. 

W.  H.  Merriman General  Agent. 

CHICAGO  — 208  South  Clark  Street. 

F.  H.  Fogarty General  Agent. 

C.  A.  Matthews District  Passenger  Agent. 

CINCINNATI,  OHIO  — 40  East  Fourth  Street. 

J.  J.  Ferry District  Passenger  Agent. 

DES  MOINES,  IOWA  — 503  West  Locust  Street. 

Geo.  D.  Rogers District  Passenger  Agent. 

DETROIT,  MICH.— 153  Jefferson  Avenue. 

W.  H.  Whitaker District  Passenger  Agent. 

DULUTH,  MINN.— 332  West  Superior  Street. 

J.  O.  Dalzell General  Agent. 

EVERETT,  WASH.— 1514  Hewett  Avenue. 

C.  F.  M.  TINLING Agent. 

HELENA,  MONT.— Main  and  Grand  Streets. 

A.  D.  Edgar General  Agent. 

INDIANAPOLIS,  IND.— 42  Jackson  Place. 

J.  E.  TURNER. District  Passenger  Agent. 

LOS  ANGELES,  CAL— 125  West  Third  Street. 

C.  E.  Johnson Traveling  Passenger  Agent. 

MILWAUKEE,  WIS.—  Room  2,  Mack  Block,  Cor.  Wis- 
consin and  East  Water  Streets. 

Chas.  C.  Trott District  Passenger  Agent. 

MINNEAPOLIS,  MINN.—  19  Nicollet  Block. 

G.  F.  McNeill. City  Ticket  Agent. 

MONTREAL,  QUE.— 116  St.  Peter  Street. 

G.  W.  Hardisty District  Passenger  Agent. 

NEW  YORK  CITY  — 319  Broadway. 

W.  F.  MERSHON.. General  Agt.  Passenger  Dept. 

(30) 


NORTHERN   PACIFIC   RAILWAY.  31 


PHILADELPHIA,  PA.— 7n  Chestnut  Street. 

I.  M.  Bortle District  Passenger  Agent. 

PITTSBURG,  PA.— 305  Park  Building. 

Ed.  C.  Schoen District  Passenger  Agent. 

PORTLAND,  ORE.— 255  Morrison  Street. 

F.  O'Neill District  Passenger  Agent. 

E.  L.  Rayburn Traveling  Passenger  Agent. 

SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL.— 647  Market  Street. 

T.  C.  Stateler Gen'l  Agt.  Passenger  Dept. 

SEATTLE,  WASH.— First  Avenue  and  Yesler  Way. 

I.  A.  Nadeau General  Agent. 

SPOKANE,  WASH.— Riverside  and  Howard  Streets. 

Jno.  W.  Hill ...General  Agent. 

ST.  LOUIS,  MO.— 210  Commercial  Building. 

P.  H.  Noel.. ..District  Passenger  Agent. 

ST.  PAUL,  MINN.—  5th  and  Robert  Streets. 

O.  Vanderbilt City  Ticket  Agent. 

vST.  PAUL,  MINN.—  4th  and  Broadway. 

Harry  W.  Sweet District  Passenger  Agent. 

TACOMA,  WASH.- 925  Pacific  Avenue. 

A.  Tinling General  Agent. 

TORONTO,  ONT.— 6  King  Street,  West. 

G.  W.  McCaskey District  Passenger  Agent. 

VANCOUVER,  B.  C— 419  Hastings  Street. 

J.  O.  McMullen General  Agent. 

VICTORIA,  B.  C. 

C.  E.  Lang.. General  Agent. 

WEST  SUPERIOR,  WIS.— 821  Tower  Avenue. 

F.  C.  Jackson.. Assistant  General  Agent. 

WHATCOM.  WASH. 

C.  M.  Hunter Agent. 

PORTLAND,  ORE.- 255  Morrison  Street. 

A.  D.  Charlton Asst.  Gen'l  Passenger  Agt. 

ST.  PAUL,  MINN. 

A.  M.  Cleland Assistant  General  Passenger 

and  Ticket  Agent. 

Chas.  S.  Fee Gen'l  Passenger  and  Tkt.  Agt. 

J.  M.  Hannaford Third  Vice-President. 


*  %* 


..*.<**■ 


